Teachers' and parents' reports on 3- to 6-year-old children's sexual behavior--a comparison     

Larsson I  Svedin CG 《Child abuse & neglect》2002,26(3):247-266

OBJECTIVES: The main purpose of the study was to compare observed range and frequency of sexual behavior in 3- to 6-year-olds in two different environments: the home and the daycare center. The study also aimed to investigate parental and staff opinions on child sexual behavior. METHODS: Parents and daycare teachers of 185 preschool children, from different socio-economic housing areas, answered extensive questionnaires about each child's sexual and general behavior. They were also asked about their own opinions on child sexual behavior. RESULTS: Parents observed significantly more sexual behavior in their children at home compared to teachers' observations at the daycare centers in all age groups, while teachers reported more general behavior problems. Significant gender differences on sexual behavior were displayed at the daycare centers but not at home. Rare behaviors at home were also very unusual at the daycare center. Parental and staff attitudes toward child sexuality were quite open, although 67% of the parents and 41% of the teachers never spoke to the children on sexual matters. One fifth of the adults used no term for genitals at all, and even fewer had a name for girls' genitals. The findings indicate that young children explore their sexuality more at home than in settings with groups of children where the daily activities may be more structured and monitored. It enhances the importance of looking at the context in which the sexual behavior is taking place when investigating problematic sexual behavior.  相似文献   

ASPECTS OF STUDENT SOCIALIZATION IN HUNGARY     

Vera Déri  Pál Völgyesi 《Higher Education in Europe》1985,10(1):37-42

  相似文献   

Do Students' Religion and School Absences Moderate the Effect of Ethnic Stereotypes on School-Placement Recommendations?     

Florian Klapproth  Henrike Kärchner  Sabine Glock 《Journal of Experimental Education》2018,86(2):173-194

The results of two experiments demonstrate that preservice teachers made biased school-placement recommendations depending on student's ethnicity, which on average penalized students from an ethnic minority. Moreover, additional information that was supposed to disconfirm ethnic stereotypes (religious affiliation in Experiment 1, number of missed school days in Experiment 2) led to more high-track recommendations for low-achieving minority students and to fewer high-track recommendations for high-achieving minority students. Conversely, stereotype-disconfirming information exerted little or no influence on the recommendations for high-achieving native students but worsened recommendations for low-achieving students. The results were interpreted as being based either on subtyping (predominantly for minority Turkish students) or subgrouping (predominantly for majority German students) of ethnic stereotypes.  相似文献   

Belastung und Beanspruchung von Lehrern und Schülern am Gymnasium     

Oliver Böhm-Kasper  Horst Weishaupt 《Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft》2002,5(3):472-499

Die Frage, ob 12 oder 13 Schuljahre notwendig sind, um erfolgreich zum Abitur zu gelangen, wird seit Jahren in Deutschland kontrovers diskutiert. Sp?testens seit der Ver?ffentlichung der Ergebnisse des weltweiten mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Leistungsvergleichs (TIMSS) steht dieses Thema auf der bildungspolitischen Tagesordnung. In die seitdem nicht abrei?ende Debatte um die Schulzeitdauer wurde auch das Argument einer erh?hten und damit nicht zumutbaren Belastung und Beanspruchung von Lehrern und Schülern durch eine 12-j?hrige Schulzeit eingebracht. Die Autoren dieses Beitrags haben dieses Argument für die Situation an Thüringer Gymnasien empirisch überprüft. Mittels standardisierter Frageb?gen wurden rund 5.500 Schüler und 1.100 Lehrer in Thüringen (12 Schuljahre), Bayern und Brandenburg (jeweils 13 Schuljahre) befragt. — Bei der begrifflichen Trennung von Belastung und Beanspruchung orientieren sich die Autoren an psychologischtransaktionalen Modellen der Wahrnehmung und Verarbeitung belastender Situationen. In diesem Beitrag wird deshalb nicht nur die zeitliche Belastung an Gymnasien in den Blick genommen, sondern auch der Frage nach den Auswirkungen der zeitlichen Belastung auf das Belastungserleben (Beanspruchung) von Lehrern und Schülern nachgegangen. Abschlie?end werden die von den Autoren analysierten Zusammenh?nge zwischen zeitlicher Belastung, situativen Bedingungen und Beanspruchung von Lehrern und Schülern am Gymnasium im Hinblick auf die forschungsleitende Fragestellung diskutiert.  相似文献   

Children involved in bullying: psychological disturbance and the persistence of the involvement     

Kumpulainen K  Räsänen E  Henttonen I 《Child abuse & neglect》1999,23(12):411-1262

OBJECTIVE: This follow-up investigation studied the extent of bullying among children aged 8 (Study 1) and 12 (Study 2), and measured the persistence of this behaviour. The relationship between bullying and psychological disturbance at these two time points was also studied. Furthermore, the relationships between bullying and some background factors were investigated. METHOD: 1268 children were studied at two time points using three different questionnaires. Parents filled out the Rutter A2 Scale, teachers the Rutter B2 Scale and children themselves the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI). RESULTS: Males outnumbered females at both time points among bullies, bully-victims (children who both bully and are victims) and victims. There was a clear difference between the genders among bullies and bully-victims, but the difference was quite minimal among victims. The number of children involved in bullying declined somewhat during the 4-year follow-up period, and a substantial number of children changed status, bullies became bully-victims for example. Nearly half the children involved in bullying in Study 2 had been involved 4 years earlier. Those children who were bully-victims in Study 1 were most commonly found to be still involved in bullying 4 years later. At both time points, children involved in bullying were found to have significantly more psychiatric symptoms than other children, and to be psychologically disturbed. Males and children from low SES families were more prone to continue to be involved in bullying over a 4-year period. CONCLUSIONS: Bullying is common among children, and in many cases lasts for years. Bully-victims are particularly at risk of remaining involved in bullying over longer periods. Also, children involved in bullying often have psychiatric problems and are disturbed.  相似文献   

Relative age effects in a cognitive task: A case study of youth chess     

Werner F. Helsen  Joseph Baker  Joerg Schorer  Christina Steingröver  Nick Wattie  Janet L. Starkes 《High Ability Studies》2016,27(2):211-221

The relative age effect (RAE) has been demonstrated in many youth and professional sports. In this study, we hypothesized that there would also be a RAE among youth chess players who are typically involved in a complex cognitive task without significant physical requirements. While typical RAEs have been observed in adult chess players, in this paper we wanted to focus primarily on youth chess players. In addition, we also examined RAEs in both participation rates and performance levels in a national chess championship. Therefore, the RAE was examined in a complex cognitive task that has no significant physical requirements, more specifically among youth chess players. Data were analyzed (1) for all registered Belgian youth chess players over a 5-year period (2009–2013) and (2) for participants of the Belgian youth championship 2013. Results indicated an overall RAE among all Belgian youth chess players over the last 5 years. The likelihood of participation was significantly greater for players born in the first birth-date quartile (χ² = 10.21, p < .05; r = ?.77, p < .01; w = .07) and the likelihood of participation decreased when youth chess players were born in the last quartile of the year. These effects were most prominent in the under-8 and under-10 year olds. There also appeared to be a performance-related RAE. Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests (p < .05) showed that players born in the first months of the selection year were significantly more often in the top 10 players for each age level of the Belgian Youth Championship 2013.  相似文献   

The school staff's perception of their ability to teach special educational needs pupils in inclusive settings in Finland     

Birgit Paju  Lauri Räty  Raija Pirttimaa  Elina Kontu 《International Journal of Inclusive Education》2016,20(8):801-815

Recent studies have suggested that the professional training received by general educators does not adequately prepare them to properly implement inclusion-based practices. The idea of inclusion in practice has not significantly changed the situation of teaching pupils with special educational needs (SENs) in mainstream classes. This study's primary intent is to examine the factors that identify the school staff's ability to meet the needs of SEN pupils in their daily teaching situations. A total of 187 elementary school teachers, principals and teaching assistants in a Finnish city completed a structured questionnaire that used a self-evaluation method. Two components were generalised according to answers concerning the respondents’ confidence in and knowledge of teaching SEN pupils. The results indicate that teachers’ qualifications constitute the main reason affecting their ability in this area. Pedagogical and practical knowledge, as well as collaborative skills in teaching SEN pupils, is focused on special educators. These findings reveal the need for additional and in-service training and more effective cooperation between special and general education to share the knowledge of teaching SEN pupils in practice.  相似文献   

A multi-disciplinary collaborative project developing public health higher education in four higher education institutes in Africa and Europe     

Ari Haaranen  Juhani Miettola  Arja T. Erkkilä 《Africa Education Review》2016,13(1):102-119

The HEI-ICI project involves cooperation between the University of Eastern Finland (UEF) and three African partners. The main aim of the project, now in its fourth year, has been to develop education in health sciences and to improve the quality of teaching. The target has been to develop the skills of selected junior faculty from the Public Health departments, library and IT centres at partner universities. The data was collected during the project in 2010–2014. Written and visual material was analysed using deductive content analysis. The main obstacles researchers were faced with while working in the project have been cultural: the project encouraged different cultures – not only European and African but also pan-African – to meet and work together. This novel approach to learning and teaching is based on the concept of cooperation, collaboration and trust between all of the participating partners; its foundation is the full ownership by the less developed Southern partner institutions.  相似文献   

How do university teachers’ values and beliefs affect their teaching?     

Elisabeth Fischer  Martin Hänze 《教育心理学》2020,40(3):296-317

Abstract

This study investigated university teachers’ characteristics and their influence on teaching practices: Coming from expectancy-value theory, teachers’ personal value of teaching was introduced as a possibly relevant variable and examined along with constructivist and transmissive teaching beliefs as to how they affect various aspects of university teaching. The sample consisted of 79 university teachers, whose data were combined with the teaching assessment of 2552 students enrolled in their courses and of external observers. Multiple regression analyses showed that value of teaching affected observed structuring, student active involvement, and rapport. Transmissive beliefs impacted the observed quality of instruction, and constructivist beliefs were positively related to student-reported clarity of instruction, the stimulation of student involvement, and rapport. Notably, the predictors displayed a data source specific result pattern. As potential reasons for the link between student-reported variables and constructivist beliefs a general factor in the students’ assessment and a survivor bias associated with teachers’ constructivist beliefs are discussed.  相似文献   

Authentic,dialogical knowledge construction: a blended and mobile teacher education programme     

Sanna Ruhalahti  Anne-Maria Korhonen  Päivi Rasi 《Educational research; a review for teachers and all concerned with progress in education》2017,59(4):373-390

Background: Knowledge construction and technology have been identified as critical for an understanding of the future of teacher education. Knowledge is discovered, applied and created collaboratively from authentic starting points. Today’s new mobile and blended learning environments create increased opportunities for such processes, including learner-centred approaches, authenticity and dialogical knowledge construction. However, teaching still requires appropriate learning design and structuring. The presented study explored, and was designed and implemented, using the ‘Dialogical Authentic Netlearning Activity’ (DIANA) pedagogical model, which is seen as one of the learning designing models for existing digital, open and mobile learning environments.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the challenges and opportunities inherent in the adoption of the DIANA model and to examine student-teachers’ reflections concerning authentic and dialogical knowledge construction. The focus is on the learning process.

Sample: Participants were 63 student-teachers who were following the study module ‘Networks in Vocational Education’ at the School of Professional Teacher Education, in Hämeenlinna, Finland.

Design and methods: This qualitative study uses a deductive content analysis to discern relationships between the data and the existing theory. The data for this study were drawn from an online questionnaire and participants’ self-reflective accounts.

Findings: The results indicate that achieving deep-oriented learning through dialogical actions is the most challenging part of using the DIANA model. Some of the students had difficulty understanding the concept of ‘authenticity’.

Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest enhancing learner-centred scaffolding and guidance, particularly at the outset of the learning process. In addition, methods that develop dialogical skills and competences ought to be integrated into teacher education as extensively as possible, in order to make collaborative work and problem-solving genuinely dialogical and equal.  相似文献